{"id":2284,"date":"2012-10-13T22:15:58","date_gmt":"2012-10-13T19:15:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yenirehberlik.com\/?p=2284"},"modified":"2012-10-13T22:15:58","modified_gmt":"2012-10-13T19:15:58","slug":"okullarda-zorbalik-ve-turleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yenirehberlik.com\/arsiv\/okullarda-zorbalik-ve-turleri.html","title":{"rendered":"OKULLARDA ZORBALIK ve T\u00dcRLER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Okul y\u0131llar\u0131m\u0131za d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fumuzun s\u0131n\u0131f arkada\u015flar\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretmenler ya da \u00e7evremizdeki yeti\u015fkinler (anne, baba, karde\u015fler, kom\u015fular vb.) taraf\u0131ndan kaba g\u00fcce\/zorbal\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/p>\n

. Okullarda zorbal\u0131k fiziksel, s\u00f6zel, duygusal ve cinsel olmak \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u015eiddet ve zorbal\u0131k \u00e7o\u011funlukla birlikte ve birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Akademisyenler zorbal\u0131k\/kaba g\u00fcc\u00fc \u015fiddetin bir alt boyutu olarak ele almakta; buda okullarda meydana gelen olaylar\u0131n \u015fiddet olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131 gibi yanl\u0131\u015f bir izlenim olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu iki kavram\u0131n \u00e7ok iyi tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131, aralar\u0131ndaki benzerlik ve farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. En basit anlam\u0131yla zorbal\u0131k\/kaba g\u00fc\u00e7, bir ki\u015finin ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fiyi kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak \u00fczmesi veya tehdit etmesidir. Zorbal\u0131\u011fa u\u011frayan ki\u015fi kendisini mutsuz ve korkmu\u015f hisseder.<\/p>\n

\u015eiddet farkl\u0131 yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan; \u00f6rne\u011fin Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m (1998) ki\u015filere ya da nesnelere de\u011fi\u015fik boyutlarda zararvermeyi i\u00e7eren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, kontrols\u00fcz, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131, aniden, amans\u0131z bilin\u00e7li, toplu ya da bireysel g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen bir olgu olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. \u015eiddet, hangi yolla olursa olsun, bilerek isteyerek di\u011ferinin can\u0131n\u0131 yakma ve e\u015fyalar\u0131na zarar verme eylemi; benzer bi\u00e7imde \u015fiddet \u00e7o\u011funlukla; k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131k, \u00f6fke, kin, nefret, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k gibi duygular\u0131n davran\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sald\u0131rganl\u0131k bi\u00e7imi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Bu iki kavramada ortak olan nokta, herhangi bir insana ve onun e\u015fyalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan istenmeyen davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n o ki\u015fi \u00fczerinde, fiziksel, duygusal ya da ruhsal a\u00e7\u0131dan yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 “ac\u0131” d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eiddet ve zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yukar\u0131da verilen tan\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ve bu alanda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u015fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Her t\u00fcr \u015fiddet olay\u0131 zorbal\u0131k olarak alg\u0131lanabilirken, zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n her t\u00fcr\u00fc \u015fiddet olarak alg\u0131lanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m, okullarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fiddet ve zorbal\u0131k olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ve nedenlerini daha iyi anlamam\u0131za; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fiddet ve zorbal\u0131k olaylar\u0131 i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilecek stratejilerin belirlenmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u015fiddet ve zorbal\u0131k olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131 konular olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131p ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

ZORBALIK TANIMI VE T\u00dcRLER\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zorbal\u0131k farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde tan\u0131mlanabilmektedir. Bu tan\u0131mlardan ilki okullarda \u00f6\u011frenciler aras\u0131nda zorbal\u0131k (bullying) konusunda ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yapan ki\u015fi olarak bilinen Olweus (1989) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olweus’a g\u00f6re okul zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ” …bir \u00e7ocu\u011fa birveya daha fazla \u00f6\u011frenci taraf\u0131ndan kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrekli sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korumas\u0131z kalmas\u0131.” \u015feklindetan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Johnson, Munn, and Edwards (1991; in Elliot, 1997, akt. \u00c7\u0131nk\u0131r ve Kepenek\u00e7i (2003), ise okul zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir \u00f6\u011frenciye bilerek ac\u0131 vermek, onu korkutmak veya ba\u015fka bir \u00f6\u011frenciye ac\u0131 vermek amac\u0131yla sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmakt\u0131r. Smith ve Sharp (1994) ise zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131, “.bir \u00f6\u011frencinin ba\u015fka bir \u00f6\u011frenci taraf\u0131ndan kurban olarak se\u00e7ilip ona
k\u00f6t\u00fc, ho\u015f olmayan \u015feyler s\u00f6ylemesi; itmesi, tekme atmas\u0131, tehdit etmesi, bir yere kapatmas\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc yaz\u0131larg\u00f6ndermesi, onunla asla konu\u015fmamas\u0131…” olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik boyutlar\u0131na vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda, “sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi” , “kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak zarar verme” ve zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak tekrar eden bir eylem i\u00e7ermesidir.<\/p>\n

Zorbal\u0131k ve t\u00fcrleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi \u015fiddet, zorbal\u0131k\/kabag\u00fc\u00e7 bazen birlikte bazen de birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131labilmektedir. \u015eiddeti zorbal\u0131ktan ay\u0131ran \u00f6zelliklerden birisi, \u015fiddetin s\u00fcrekli olarak sald\u0131rgan davran\u0131\u015fa sahip ki\u015filik \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermesidir. Di\u011fer ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zellik ise \u015fiddetin her t\u00fcr\u00fc zorbal\u0131k olarak alg\u0131lanabilirken, her zorbal\u0131k \u015fiddet olarak alg\u0131lanmayabilir (\u00f6rne\u011fin ad takma, laf atma vb.) Okullarda \u00f6\u011frenciler aras\u0131 zorbal\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Eliot (1997) zorbal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerini “fiziksel”, “s\u00f6zel”, “duygusal” ve “cinsel” olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt gruba ay\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Elliot’\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde Yoon ve Kerber (2003) kabag\u00fcc\u00fcn t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda s\u00f6zel, fiziksel ve sosyal d\u0131\u015flamay\u0131 saymaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Zorbal\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Fiziksel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zorbal\u0131k bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na zarar vermek amac\u0131yla itmek, tekme atmak, yumruk atmak vb. do\u011frudan fiziksel sald\u0131r\u0131 \u015feklinde olabilir. \u00d6rnek;<\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011frencilerden biri s\u0131n\u0131fa dinozor \u015fekilli b\u00fcy\u00fck silgi getirir. Arkada\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6stererek araba yar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bir ba\u015fka \u00e7ocuk onun \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcr; y\u00fcz\u00fcne bir tokat atarak silgiyi ister. ilk ba\u015fta silgiyi vermek istemez, ama \u00e7aresizdir ve silgiyi vermek zorunda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Beni okuldan eve d\u00f6nerken izleyen bir \u00e7ocuk vard\u0131. Beni takip ederdi ve arkadan iterek yere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp \u00fczerimden ge\u00e7erdi. Bir seferinde, beni \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn tama ortas\u0131nda yumruk att\u0131. Bu \u00e7ocu\u011fu neredeyse hi\u00e7 tan\u0131m\u0131yordum, yaln\u0131zca onun yolundan uzak durmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordum. Bu beni \u00e7ok \u00fczd\u00fc. Bazen hasta rol\u00fc yap\u0131p okula gitmekistemezdim. Brian (12)<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 zorbalar di\u011ferlerine ho\u015f olmayan “aptal”, \u015fi\u015fko”, “d\u00f6rt g\u00f6z” gibi \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc kelimelerle hitap edebilirler. Kabag\u00fcc\u00fcn bu t\u00fcr\u00fcne “s\u00f6zel zorbal\u0131k” denilmektedir. ,\u00d6rnek:<\/p>\n

” Bana, [K\u0131z zorba] domuza benzedi\u011fimi ve \u00e7irkin oldu\u011fumu s\u00f6yledi. Ne zaman yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7sem, domuz gibi sesler (Oink! Oink!) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Di\u011fer \u00e7ocuklar da g\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Yere kapan\u0131p a\u011flayas\u0131m geliyor. Vici (10)<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 yeme\u011fe g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek \u00fczere kap\u0131da s\u0131ra yap\u0131yorsunuz. \u00c7ocuklardan birinin, bir ba\u015fka \u00e7ocu\u011fa, 1<\/sup> Bana bak! Ya \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fini ya da paran\u0131 bana vereceksin, bende sana kocaman bir \u00f6p\u00fcc\u00fck verece\u011fim’. \u00c7ocuk bunu bir kez kabul eder. Asl\u0131nda bu ilk defa olmuyordur.<\/p>\n

Sosyal D\u0131\u015flama<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 durumlarda zorbal\u0131k bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezlikte gelme, umursamama ya da hi\u00e7bir \u015feye dahil etmeme \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u00d6rnek;<\/p>\n

Proje dersinde, bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun di\u011ferine, 1<\/sup> bana pembe kalemini vermezsen seni do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc partime davet etmem’ dedi\u011fini duyars\u0131n\u0131z. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6ylemlerini \u00e7ok defa duymu\u015fsunuzdur.<\/p>\n

Bazen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131zdaki \u00e7ocuklara \u00e7ok iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ya da istediklerini yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131sa bir zaman tan\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun di\u011ferine \u015f\u00f6yle dedi\u011fine tan\u0131k olmu\u015fsunuzdur. ‘ Kesinlikle hay\u0131r! Bizimle oynayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sana daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6yledim’. \u00c7ocuk gruptan izole edilmi\u015ftir ve geri kalan zaman\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z ya\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erinde tak ba\u015f\u0131na oynayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer \u00e7ocuklar benimle konu\u015fmamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ne zaman odaya girsem, hepsi birden oday\u0131 terk ettiler. Bu sesiz bir davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onlar buna ” Coventr’ya g\u00f6nderildi’ diyorlard\u0131. Hi\u00e7 kimse benimle konu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in nedenini ve onlar\u0131n nas\u0131l bu kadar korkun\u00e7 olabildiklerini \u00f6\u011frenemedim. Onlara hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bunu hak etmedim’. Katherine( 13)<\/p>\n

Duygusal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar, ba\u015fka bir \u0131rktan ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrden geldikleri i\u00e7in kabag\u00fcce maruz kalmaktad\u0131rlar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise, di\u011ferlerine farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ya da de\u011fi\u015fik davran\u0131\u015flar sergiledikleri veya bedensel engelleri bulunduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in kabag\u00fcce u\u011framaktad\u0131rlar. Belki g\u00f6remedikleri i\u00e7in g\u00f6zl\u00fcktakmas\u0131, do\u011fum lekesinin olmas\u0131, i\u015fitme cihaz\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gibi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 da zorbal\u0131kla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelmektedirler. \u00d6rnek;<\/p>\n

Bir grup \u00f6\u011frenci etraf\u0131m\u0131 sard\u0131 ve bana \u00e7ok \u00e7irkin- tekrar edemeyece\u011fim kadar i\u011fren\u00e7, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 adlarla hitap ettiler. Bana neden ormana gidip maymun taklitleri yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 ve maymun gibi sesler \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 sordular. G\u00fclerek ayr\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu grubu daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftim.<\/p>\n

Cinsel<\/p>\n

Hem erkek hem de k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar kar\u015f\u0131 cinsten olanlara s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve elle taciz ve sark\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131k yapabilmekte cinsel y\u00f6nden istismar edebilmektedirler. \u00d6rnek;<\/p>\n

i\u011fren\u00e7 s\u00f6zleri i\u015fitmektense s\u0131n\u0131fta kalmay\u0131 tercih ediyorum. Art\u0131k okul bah\u00e7esinde ya da koridorda rahat\u00e7a gezemiyorum.<\/p>\n

(Ne\u015fe)<\/p>\n

Elle tacize u\u011frad\u0131m. Kar\u015f\u0131mdaki insana hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapamad\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ortam \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131kt\u0131 ve o anda korkudan ve \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131ktan bulundu\u011fum yerde kald\u0131m. \u00c7ok utand\u0131m (Ay\u015fe).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr.\u015eakir \u00c7INKIR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ankara \u00dcniversitesi, E\u011fitim Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n<\/strong><\/div>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Okul y\u0131llar\u0131m\u0131za d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fumuzun s\u0131n\u0131f arkada\u015flar\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretmenler ya da \u00e7evremizdeki yeti\u015fkinler (anne, baba, karde\u015fler, kom\u015fular vb.) taraf\u0131ndan kaba g\u00fcce\/zorbal\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2286,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[281],"class_list":["post-2284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veli","tag-zorbalik"],"yoast_head":"\nOKULLARDA ZORBALIK ve T\u00dcRLER\u0130 -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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